Counting the source too, the voltage changes around any closed loop in a circuit add up to what?

Around a closed loop the changes sum to zero.

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  1. Zero ✔
  2. The supply voltage
  3. The total resistance

Why: Every volt a source supplies is used up by the loads. This is the loop rule, and it is how you find voltage drops.

Huh, didn't know that: OpenStax explains the loop rule as an application of conservation of energy.

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A sweater I bought kept picking up static electricity, so I returned it. They gave me another one free of charge.
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References

Answer: Zero. Every volt a source supplies is used up by the loads. This is the loop rule, and it is how you find voltage drops.

  1. OpenStax College Physics 2e, 21.3 Kirchhoff's Rules openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/21-3-kirchhoffs-rules
    The algebraic sum of changes in potential around any closed circuit path (loop) must be zero.
    Checked 2026-10-10.

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